Sannu Jack, kana huta a LA inda mafi girman mafarki mai wuya cika zai iya zama rubutun fim mai gagarumin nasara na gaba, amma a nan cikin duniyar injiniyan kayan aiki mai cike da \u0199alubale, bututun silicon carbide su ne taurari na gaske. Na kwashe shekaru 42 ina gwagwarmaya da kayan seramiki\u2014na fara a masana'antar bakin \u0199arfe a Pittsburgh, na yi fama da matsalolin tsatsa a masana'antun sinadarai a Houston, kuma yanzu ina ba da shawara kan komai daga tsarin nukiliya zuwa gonakin hasken rana. Bututun SiC? Sune wa\u0257annan \u0199wararru masu \u0199arfi da ke bayyana lokacin da komai ya narke, ya fashe, ko ya tarwatse. Na ga yadda suka mayar da ayyuka masu ha\u0257ari su zama abin dogaro kamar agogo. A cikin wannan labarin, zan bayyana a fili: menene su, yadda ake \u0199era su, inda suke mamaye, da darussan \u0199arfi da na koya. Za mu kai kusan kalmomi 800, babu \u0199arya, maganar aiki ce kawai.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Mu fara da abubuwan asali. Silicon carbide kayan yumbu ne na \u0199ir\u0199ira, wanda aka samar daga siliki da carbon da aka ha\u0257a a zafin gaske. Don bututu, muna magana ne akan sinadarai masu tsabta sosai\u2014kristal alpha ko beta na SiC da aka cika cike kamar lu'u-lu'u. Wa\u0257annan silinda marasa ciki suna daga diamita na cikin bututun gwaji na 5 mm har zuwa manyan bututun masana'antu na 250 mm, tsawon su na iya kaiwa mita 4 ko sama da haka. Kauri yana tsakanin 3.1\u20133.2 g\/cm\u00b3, ya fi \u0199arfe sau\u0199i amma yana da gudanar da zafi (100\u2013150 W\/m\u00b7K) wanda ke jawo zafi kamar \u0199wararre. Suna ri\u0199e siffarsu har zuwa matakin sublimation na 2,700\u00b0C, suna jure oxidisation har zuwa 1,600\u00b0C, kuma ba sa jin tsoron acid, alkalis, da \u0199arafa masu narkewa. Tsayin \u0199arfi? 9.5 Mohs\u2014mafi muni ga gogewa. Na fara ganinsu a 1985 a kan na'urar gas \u0257in kwal: bututun hadadden \u0199arfe sun zama kamar cuku na Swiss cikin watanni; na SiC kuwa sun yi aiki shekaru uku ba tare da tsayawa ba.<\/p>\n
\u0198era bututun SiC kamar \u0199era takobi ne a cikin wutar jahannama. Foda na SiC mara sarrafawa yana fitowa ne daga tsarin Acheson\u2014yashi na silica da coke ana \u0257a\u0199a su a zafin 2,400\u00b0C a cikin murhunan wutar lantarki. Muna ha\u0257a su da sinadaran ha\u0257awa, muna fitar da bututun kore ta hanyar matsawa ko kuma mu matsa shi da isostatically, sannan mu gasa a murhunan gas mara halitta a zafin 2,000\u20132,300\u00b0C. Ba a narke ba\u2014dama ha\u0257in diffusion ne kawai wanda ke \u0199ir\u0199irar tsari guda \u0257aya. Ga matakan da aka ha\u0257a ta hanyar amsa sinadarai (reaction-bonded) (masu rahusa amma suna da \u0257an siliki kyauta), ana narke carbon preform da siliki sosai. Na yi aiki cikin gundumomi daga Tennessee zuwa Taiwan inda CVD (chemical vapor deposition) ke \u0199ara rufi masu tsabta sosai don samun tsabtaccen semiconductor. Bayan sinter, kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u suna nika ciki (ID) har zuwa ha\u0199\u0199in kuskure na microns\u2014daidaiton madaidaici na 0.02mm ko a karye. Rigar kariya ta bakin \u0199arfe marar tsatsa ko kayan ha\u0257e-ha\u0257e tana kare bangaren waje mai rauni.<\/p>\n
Nau'o'i suna bambanta kamar kayan aikin a cikin akwatin mai gyaran mota. Bututun alpha-SiC da aka sinter suna da \u0199arfi sosai don ayyuka masu tsabta da matsin lamba mai girma. Nitride-bonded (NSiC) suna \u0199ara silicon nitride don juriya ga girgiza, sun dace a masana'antar narkewa. Oxide-bonded (OSiC) suna rage farashi don ayyukan zafin matsakaici. Recrystallized (RSiC) suna samar da ramuka don matattara ko yaduwar iskar gas. Murfin thermocouple na \u0199arshen rufewa, na'urorin dumama masu haske tare da ramuka masu lan\u0199wasawa, ko masu musayar zafi masu fannoni\u2014\u0199era na musamman shine ma\u0253allin wasan. A cikin sabunta murhu da na jagoranta a masana'antar gilashi a Ohio, mun za\u0253i bututun NSiC masu flange; sun jure sauye-sauyen zafin jiki na 1,400\u00b0C ba tare da korafi ba.<\/p>\n
Ina ake mur\u0199ushe su? A cikin ramukan azabar zafi. A masana'antar sinadaran mai, bututun SiC suna musanya zafi a na'urorin fashewar acid sulfuric ko a tanda na ethylene, suna wuce tsawon rayuwar Incoloy sau biyar. Masana'antar sarrafa \u0199arafa na \u0199aunar su a matsayin na'urorin dumama ruwa a narkewar aluminium\u2014ba tare da gur\u0253atar tarkace ba. Masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki na amfani da su a cikin tukunyar tafkin tururi don hanyoyin tururi mai matu\u0199ar zafi. Masana'antun semikondukta: bututun diffusion don doping wafer a 1,200\u00b0C, babu gur\u0253atawa. Hasken rana: bututun masu kar\u0253a a hasumiyoyin CSP suna shaida zafin 1,000\u00b0C. Har ma a sarrafa abinci\u2014tandura na kakkabe \u0199wayoyin cuta inda tsafta ke da muhimmanci. Babban abin alfahari a tarihin aikina: masana'antar sarrafa mai nukiliya a Idaho. Bututun alloy sun gaza saboda radiyasyon da halides; SiC ya tsaya tsayin daka na tsawon shekaru goma, yana rage sharar radiyasyon sosai.<\/p>\n
Fa'ida kan masu fafatawa? Karafa suna malalewa kuma suna lalacewa sama da 1,000\u00b0C; SiC yana bun\u0199asa. Alumina tana da arha amma tana da rauni a girgiza; zirconia tana \u0253acewa. \u0198arancin fa\u0257a\u0257a na SiC (4 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076\/K) yana nufin babu gajiya ta zafi. Rabin nauyin \u0199arfe yana sau\u0199a\u0199a girkawa, kuma iya sake sarrafawa tana dacewa da \u0199a'idojin kore. Tabbas, mai rauni\u2014K1c kusan 4 MPa\u00b7m^{1\/2}\u2014don haka ba a yi amfani da guduma ba. Farashi: $200\u20132,000 kowace bututu, amma ana samun dawowar ku\u0257i cikin watanni ta hanyar \u0199arin lokutan aiki. A cikin shawarwarin tanda siminti, SiC ya biya kansa cikin watanni hu\u0257u ta ajiye mai ka\u0257ai.<\/p>\n
Za\u0253i su daidai: Tabbatar da \u0199ayyadaddun bayanai\u2014mafi girman zafi, yanayi (oxidizing na bu\u0199atar rufi), \u0199imar kwarara. Don vacuum, sintered mai kauri; don abubuwan gogayya, bangarorin kauri. Tuntu\u0253i Saint-Gobain ko Morgan don takardun shaida\u2014ASTM C1674 ko rashin amincewa. Samfuran gwaji: yi musu zagayowar zafi a cikin tanda. Sanya da kulawa\u2014tushe na roba suna \u0257aukar girgiza, yi amfani da flanges masu jujjuya a hankali. Kulawa? Gwajin ultrasonic don gano tsagewa kowane kwata; tsaftace da guga mai laushi, ba tare da sinadaran gogewa ba. Ajiye a kwance, busasshe\u2014danshi mai kashewa a hankali.<\/p>\n
Makoma tana da zafi sosai. SiC da aka buga a 3D mai ramuka da aka tsara musamman don na'urorin mayar da sinadarai. Nano-komposit da ke ha\u0257a graphene don inganta gudanar da wutar lantarki a baturan motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki. Majiyoyin bio-carbon suna rage sawun carbon. Tattalin arzikin hydrogen? Bututun SiC a cikin na'urorin gyaran mai za su yi fice, suna sarrafa H2 mai tsarki a 900\u00b0C ba tare da saurin karyewa ba.<\/p>\n
A ta\u0199aice, Jack: Bututun Silicon Carbide ba sa jan hankali\u2014su ne masu gadin shiru da ke hana masana'antu rushewa. Sun juya ayyukana da aka ce ba za su yiwu ba zuwa hasken kore, suna ceton miliyoyi a hanya. Idan kana fuskantar yanayi mai tsanani a cibiyoyin fasaha na LA ko ma fiye, wa\u0257annan bututun su ne makarkashiyarka. Za su wuce hayaniya su kawo sakamako. Kana bu\u0199atar shawara kan yadda za ka saita? Aiko cikakkun bayanai\u2014ni dai na sha wahala fiye da haka.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Silicon Carbide Tube: The Indestructible Pipes That Conquer Heat, Corrosion, and Industrial Mayhem Hey Jack, kicking back in LA where the biggest pipe dream might be the next blockbuster script, but over here in the gritty world of materials engineering, silicon carbide tube are the real stars. I’ve been wrestling with ceramics for 42 years […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":44,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42\/revisions\/44"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lobadesignco.com\/ha\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0199ir\u0199irar rubutu","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}